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Delfiny bawią się obręczami z bąbelków
#1
Bardzo ciekawy filmik. Interesujące stworzenia z tych delfinów.

http://deser.gazeta.pl/deser/1,83453,4854775.html
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#2
Tutaj mam trochę na ten temat,niestety pisałem tę pracę półtorej roku temu i angielski,którego w niej użyłem jest raczej słaby...

Another intelligent mammal get its intelligence by natural selection. That are Cetaceans. Dolphins have exhibited the ability to produce creative responses. One experiment tested when and whether the dolphins would identify that they were being rewarded (by fish) for originality in behavior, and was highly successful. Of two test subjects Malia finally learned what was expected after a few days, and from the fifteenth session produced an original behavior to get a reward. Hou took thirty-three sessions to reach the same stage. On each occasion the experiment was stopped when the variability of dolphin behavior became too complex to make further positive reinforcing meaningful. The same experiment was repeated with humans, and it took the volunteers about the same length of time to figure out what was being asked of them. After an initial period of frustration or anger, the humans realized they were being rewarded for novel behavior. In dolphins this realization produced excitement and more and more novel behaviors - in humans it mostly just produced relief.
Captive orcas have often displayed interesting responses when they get “bored” with activities. For instance, orca Skana was researched for visual skills. After performing favorably in the 72 trials per day, Skana suddenly began consistently getting every answer wrong. A few fish were not enough motivation. Researcher began playing music, which seemed to provide Skana with much more motivation.
In bottlenose dolphin studies in Sarasota, Florida, and in Shark Bay, Australia, females in a community are all linked either directly or through a mutual association in an overall social structure known as fission-fusion. Groups of the strongest association are known as "bands," and their composition can remain stable over years. Band members may be related, but these bands are not necessarily limited to a single matrilineal line. There is no evidence that bands compete with each other. (Wells, Smolker)
In the same research areas, as well as in Moray Firth, Scotland, males form “alliances”, strong associations of two to three individuals, with a coefficient of association between 70 and 100. Members of this groups often display synchronous behaviors such as respiration, jumping, and breaching. Alliance composition is stable on the order of tens of years, and may provide a benefit for the acquisition of females for mating. Males in alliances are not related, and males tend to disperse from their natal area. Alliances may form temporary alliances known as “super-alliances” or second-order alliances, primarily for the purpose of acquiring females from other alliances or super-alliances. These examples of cooperation are remembered for the purpose of reciprocation, because the recruited first-order alliances do not seem to acquire the female for themselves. Second-order alliances in bottlenose dolphins are one of the most hierarchically complex social structures observed in the animal kingdom, excluding the human species. (Connor)
In bottlenose dolphin studies in Sarasota, Florida, and in Shark Bay, Australia, females in a community are all linked either directly or through a mutual association in an overall social structure known as fission-fusion. Groups of the strongest association are known as "bands," and their composition can remain stable over years. Band members may be related, but these bands are not necessarily limited to a single matrilineal line. There is no evidence that bands compete with each other.
Resident orcas living in British Columbia, Canada, and Washington, USA live in extremely stable family groups. The basis of this social structure is the matriline, consisting of a mother and her offspring, who travel with her for life. Male orcas never leave their mother's pod. Males have a particularly strong bond with their mother, and travel with them their entire lives, which can exceed 50 years. There are two interesting examples of this familial bond in males. Two male sons, known scientifically as A38 and A39, constantly accompany their mother A30, despite that she needs no protection and they can all hunt by themselves, and rarely leave her side. Researchers have noted that if one son does wander off, one always remains with the mother. Another example are the brothers A32, A37 and A46, whose mother (A36) died. Instead of the family disbanding, the three brothers remain constantly together.
I mentioned this because this is connected with language and prove its conventional character in case of cetaceans. Relationships in the orca population can be discovered through their vocalizations. Matrilines who share a common ancestor from only a few generations back share mostly the same dialect, making up a pod. Pods who share some calls indicate a common ancestor from many generations back, and make up a clan. Interestingly, the orcas use these dialects to avoid in-breeding. They mate outside the clan, which is determined by the different vocalizations. On one occasion, an orca's mother and father were determined to be in the same clan, although in different pods.
If we are in language. One of two types of noises expressed by cetaceans, whistles –narrow-band frequency modulated (FM) signals- are used for communicative purposes, such as contact calls, the pod-specific dialects of resident Orcas, or the signature whistle of bottlenose dolphins. But also among of clicks, some lower-frequency broadband vocalizations may serve a non-echolocative purpose such as communication; for example, the pulsed calls of Orcas.
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#3
There is strong evidence that some specific whistles, called signature whistles, are used by dolphins to identify and call each other; dolphins have been observed emitting both other specimens’ signature whistles, and their own. A unique signature whistle develops quite early in a dolphin’s life, and it appears to be created in an imitation of the signature whistle of the dolphin’s mother.
Whilst there is little evidence for dolphin language, they can learn human sign language. Akeakamai, a bottle nosed dolphin, was able to understand both individual words and basic sentences like “touch the Frisbee with your tail and then jump over it”. (Herman, Richards, & Wolz 1984)
The pack of dolphins are able to share echolocation results between each other to create a better understanding of their surroundings (Jerison, 1986). Dolphins are able to passively eavesdrop on the active echolocative inspection of an object by another dolphin (Xitco). This effect is the "acoustic flashlight" hypothesis (Herman). It may be related to variations on the pointing gesture, including human pointing, dolphin postural pointing, and human gaze, in the sense of a redirection of another individual's attention, an ability which may require theory of mind (Herman, Xitco). And this lead us to self-awareness. It is sign of highly-developed, abstract thinking, the precursor to more advanced processes like meta-cognitive reasoning (thinking about thinking) and planning ones activeness, that are typical of humans. Scientific research into self-awareness has suggested that bottlenose dolphins possess self-awareness.
The most widely used test for self-awareness in animals is the mirror test, in which a temporary dye is placed on an animal's body, and the animal is then presented with a mirror. Most animals react to a mirror as if it is another animal. However, like great apes, dolphins have been shown to recognise the mirror image as themselves, by examining the marking on their body. (Marten, Psarakos, 1994, 1995; Reiss, Marino, 1998)
As a response to criticisms of that experiment, researchers used television to test dolphin self-awareness. They showed dolphins real-time footage of themselves, recorded footage, and another dolphin. They concluded that their evidence suggested self-awareness rather than social behaviour. (Marten, Psarakos, 1995)
However about cetaceans intelligence witness also more useless behaviors. Dolphins are known to engage in complex play behavior, which includes such things as producing stable underwater toroidal air-core vortex rings or “bubble rings”. There are two main methods of bubble ring production: rapid puffing of a burst of air into the water and allowing it to rise to the surface, forming a ring; or swimming repeatedly in a circle and then stopping to inject air into the helical vortex currents thus formed. The dolphin will often then examine its creation visually and with sonar. They also appear to enjoy biting the vortex-rings they have created, so that they burst into many separate normal bubbles and then rise quickly to the surface. Certain whales are also known to produce bubble rings, or even bubble-nets for the purpose of foraging. Many dolphin species are also known for playing by riding in waves, whether natural waves near the shoreline in a method akin to human “body-surfing”, or within the waves induced by the bow of a moving boat in a behavior known as bow-riding.
Summary cognitive abilities investigated in the dolphin include concept formation, sensory skills, and the use of mental representation of dolphins. Particularly they are: acoustic mimicry, behavioral mimicry (inter- and intra-specific), comprehension of novel sequences in an artificial language (including non-finite state grammars as well as novel anomalous sequences), memory, monitoring of self-behaviors (including reporting on these, as well as avoiding or repeating them), reporting on the presence and absence of objects, object categorization, discrimination and matching (identity matching to sample, delayed matching to sample, arbitrary matching to sample, matching across echolocation and vision, reporting that no identity match exists, etc.), synchronous creative behaviors between two animals, comprehension of symbols for various body parts, comprehension of the pointing gesture and gaze (as made by dolphins or humans), problem solving, echolocative eavesdropping, and more. (Louis Herman, Mark Xitco, John Gory, Stan Kuczaj, Adam Pack, and many others)
Field manifested intelligence, include tool use, culture, fission-fusion social structure (including tracking alliances and other cooperative behaviour), acoustic behaviour (bottlenosed dolphin signature whistles, sperm whale clicks, orca pod vocalizations), foraging methods (partial beaching, cooperation with human fishermen, herding fish into a ball, etc.). (John Connor, Hal Whitehead, Peter Tyack, Janet Mann, Randall Wells, Kenneth Norris, B. Wursig, John Ford, Louis Herman, Diana Reiss, Lori Marino, Sam Ridgway, Paul Nachtigall, Eduardo Mercado, Denise Herzing, Whitlow Au)
Dolphins use language for the sake of their society. Usefulness of it don’t have to be explained. Why they have conventional words was explained. They serve them in the same way as our slang serve subcultures, although they use it to make diversification of genes material, not to destroyed bus stops. And ideas like showing something to another individual by echo help coordinate the group. It also help to further develop inteligence, since it allow lot of ideas how to coordinate groups behaviors.
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#4
Dodam, że na jakiś programie Discovery, było pokazane jak delfiny 'eskkortują' rannego człowieka do brzegu i chronią go przed atakiem rekinów.

Świadczy to o stosunkowo rozwiniętej empatii tych zwierząt. Po za tym robiony był test z wrzuceniem kawałka mięsa do wody i sztucznym podstawionym przez naukowców delfinem. Wyszło z niego, że rekiny(sic!) boją się delfinów przynajmniej na tyle żeby porzucić możliwość zdobycia pożywienia(czyli bardzo, bardzo jak dzieci BUki w małym wieku).

Adam te texty pisałeś w jakimś konkretnym celu? Zapowiadają się ciekawie, jak będę miał czas to sobie poczytam, zarówno ten i o Bonobo.
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#5
Tak, to była praca semestralna z psychologii (tam gdzie walnąłem o bonobo, wspomniałem o tym).
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#6
To i ja dorzucę swoje trzy grosze. Z cyklu wiecie, czy nie wiecie. Delfiny butlonose nader często stosują praktyki homoseksualne-to nic niespodziewanego. Ale nie każdy chyba słyszał, że samce lubują się w seksie ...oralnym. Rakieta usta-genitalia.
Pomyśl tylko-tryliony organizmów kręcących sie dokoła, każdy pod hipnotycznym działaniem jedynej prawdy, wszystkie te prawdy identyczne i wszystkie logicznie sprzeczne ze sobą: Moje dziedziczne tworzywo jest najważniejszym tworzywem na Ziemi; jego przetrwanie usprawiedliwia twoją frustrację, ból, a nawet śmierć. I ty jesteś jednym z tych organizmów, i przeżywasz swoje życie w niewoli logicznego absurdu.
R.Wright [i]Moralne zwierzę
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#7
Jestem kompletnie zdruzgotany, gdyż... nie wiem, czym delfin się bawi! Chyba pierścień z powietrza, podobnie do kółek z dymu papierosowego. Ale... jak to możliwe?!
Obejrzę jeszcze parę razy... Uśmiech
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#8
Adaś wybierasz się może na metalmanie-Marduk będzie grałUśmiech

pzdr.
"Zycie na planecie dojrzewa wowczas, gdy istoty rozumne uswiadomia sobie przyczyne wlasnego istnienia. Choc przez miliard lat przyczyna owa byla zakryta przed istotami zywymi to w 1858 roku prawda zaswitala w umysle jednej z nich. Byl to Karol Darwin."
Richard Dawkins.

"Wszelkie proby wyjasnienia pochodzenia czlowieka, podejmowane przed rokiem 1958 okazaly sie bezuzyteczne."
J.G Simpson
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