[Avx]

To jakie są? Ktoś steruje giełdami, rynkiem?

Garść danych ze strony o wolności gospodarczej (index of economic freedom).

The overall freedom to start, operate, and close a business is limited by Russia's regulatory environment. Bureaucratic obstacles are a particular problem for small businesses. Obtaining a business license is takes much more than the world average of 19 procedures and 234 days. Bankruptcy proceedings can be lengthy and difficult.

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Protection of private property is weak. The judicial system is unpredictable, corrupt, and unable to handle technically sophisticated cases. Contracts are difficult to enforce, and an ancient antipathy to them continues to impede Russian integration into the West. Mortgage lending is in its initial stages. (...)

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Somewhat flexible employment regulations could be further improved to enhance overall productivity growth and employment opportunities. The non-salary cost of employing a worker is high, and the rigidity of hiring and firing a worker creates a risk aversion for companies that would otherwise employ more people and grow. Regulations related to the number of work hours are rigid.

Argentyna...

The overall freedom to start, operate, and close a business is relatively well protected by Argentina's national regulatory environment, but inconsistency and lack of transparency persist. Starting a business takes an average of 31 days, compared to the world average of 43 days. Obtaining a business license requires more that the global average of 19 procedures and 234 days. Regulations are often applied inconsistently.

Argentina has high tax rates. Both the top income tax rate and the top corporate tax rate are 35 percent. Other taxes include a value-added tax (VAT) and a wealth tax. In the most recent year, overall tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was 22.4 percent.

Total government expenditures, including consumption and transfer payments, are moderate. In the most recent year, government spending equaled 25.2 percent of GDP. The state's role in the economy has grown in recent years, and structural budgetary weakness persists.

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The executive branch influences Argentina's judiciary, and independent surveys indicate that public confidence remains weak. Courts are notoriously slow, inefficient, secretive, and corrupt. Many foreign investors resort to international arbitration. An important violation of property rights is the "piquete," by which protestors take over private business, causing extensive losses with no effective punishment by the police or the government. Software piracy is increasing.

Argentina's labor market operates under restrictive employment regulations that hinder employment creation and productivity growth. The non-salary cost of employing a worker is high, and dismissing a redundant employee can be costly. Despite government efforts to reform labor regulations, barriers to increasing market flexibility still include severance costs, pension payments, mandatory contributions to a union-run health plan, and mandatory holidays.

Przykładowo w Singapurze masz A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), państwową instytucję, zajmującą się wspieraniem rozwoju przemysłu wysokich technologii.
Rządząca partia postanowiła także, iż wszyscy mieszkańcy w ciągu najbliższych lat będą mieli dostęp do bezpłatnego Internetu finansowanego z podatków.

Owszem, owszem, dlatego napisałem, że Singapur mi się nie podoba do końca. Od siebie mogę dodać, że kolosalne mandaty są wlepiane za rzeczy typu samo żucie (sic !) gumy na ulicy.

Co nie zmienia faktu, że:

The overall freedom to start, operate, and close a business is strongly protected by Singapore's regulatory environment. Starting a business takes an average of five days, compared to the world average of 43 days. Obtaining a business license takes much less than the world average of 19 procedures and 234 days. Bankruptcy proceedings are easy and straightforward.

Singapore's weighted average tariff rate was zero percent in 2005. Tariffs are generally low, but import restrictions, import taxes, import licensing, export incentive programs, issues involving intellectual property rights, service market barriers, sanitary and phytosanitary rules, and non-transparent regulations add to the cost of trade. An additional 10 percentage points is deducted from Singapore's trade freedom score to account for non-tariff barriers.

Singapore has low tax rates. The top income tax rate is 20 percent, and the top corporate tax rate is 20 percent, which will be reduced to 18 percent for the Year of Assessment 2008. Other taxes include a value-added tax (VAT) and a property tax. In the most recent year, overall tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was 12.9 percent.

Total government expenditures, including consumption and transfer payments, are low. In the most recent year, government spending equaled 14.4 percent of GDP. The state remains involved in the economy through Singapore's many government-linked companies.

Na koniec kilka słów... Oczywiście no, ja jestem libertarianinem, to znaczy jestem za całkowitym zniesieniem kontroli państwa nad gospodarką z wyjątkiem niektórych szlaków transportowych i zapewniania bezpieczeństwa publicznego, więc no cóż, dla mnie Singapur też nie jest fajny, jest po prostu lepszy (na tej samej zasadzie, na której Breżniew "lepszy" od Stalina...) od biurokratycznej Rosji, którą ty nie wiedzieć czemu nazywasz wolnorynkową (sic). Fajne to byłoby państwo, w którym nie ma dochodowego, VAT'u, żadnych kodeksów pracy, norm prowadzenia działalności, potrzeby rejestracji przedsiębiorstw, akcyzy na alkohol (i w ogóle można by sobie alkohol ot tak zacząć produkować/sprzedawać, bez żadnego kontaktu z urzędasami; narkotyki to samo), bank centralny puszczony z dymem i zastąpiony wolnorynkowym systemem waluty złotej i tak dalej... Więc niestety Singapur to paskudni interwencjoniści, zgadzam się... Co nie zmienia faktu, że są daleko bardziej liberalni od Rosji, chociaż socjalistyczni w porównaniu z moim programem. Jak każde współczesne państwo.